Inyección de Nafta Inyección Diesel 

LA FUNCIÓN DEL M.A.P. EN LA INYECCIÓN ELECTRÓNICA

Publicado por: Emilio Gallardo, Director. 1.045 comentarios , , ,

El MAP es un Sensor de presencia de vacío en el colector de admisión del motor. Éste le informa a la ECU (nafta) o a la EDC (diesel) el vacío presente a la entrada de aire fresco y sus eventuales variaciones para que la Central modifique el avance y acelere, o lo atrase si el conductor quiere decelerar.

Antiguamente se utilizaba en los distribuidores un avance de vacío mediante una membrana y un resorte, con un conducto que obtenía el vacío desde la parte inferior del carburador. Cuando el conductor aceleraba, cambiaba bruscamente el vacío y esto hacía que se produjeran algunos grados de avance en el encendido de forma que el motor reaccionaba a la orden de acelerar.

Si no hubiera existido este sistema, el motor aceleraría muy lentamente, por lo que se continuó utilizando en el encendido electrónico, y más tarde se reemplazó por un sensor formado por una lámina de cerámica sobre la que existía un puente de 4 resistores superficiales que formaban un sistema en equilibrio.

La presencia de la variación del vacío hacía que el disco se curvara apenas lo suficiente como para comprimir las resistencias, lo que era detectado por el circuito, amplificado y así se regulaba el disparo del transistor de potencia del encendido de manera que la chispa se adelantara al acelerar.

Este sistema ya se había utilizado en el novedoso Digiplex de FIAT del año 1980 (cuando entró en Argentina) utilizándose en el FIAT Regatta, Duna y aún en los primeros modelos de FIAT UNO, y se copió luego debido a su gran eficacia, encerrándose en un Sensor Electrónico que contaba con un Circuito Integrado amplificador de dicha señal de variación de vacío.

Si bien, este vacío se producía en los motores nafteros debido a la mariposa de aceleración, pero no en los gasoleros cuya entrada de aire no posee mariposa de control, con el tiempo se fue adaptando al motor gasolero electrónico. Estos motores diesel se aceleran debido a la mayor inyección de combustible, lo que aumenta las RPM del motor y por lo tanto, también produce una variación de la presión absoluta del múltiple de admisión, lo que se indica a la EDC (diesel) para mejorar el avance.

En los motores modernos, este sensor trae consigo incorporado un NTC, sensor de temperatura del aire de admisión, en el mismo cuerpo y en contacto con el aire de admisión al motor.

M.A.P. entonces quiere decir Sensor de “Presión Absoluta del Múltiple” y se está utilizando en motores nafteros y diesel, ya que los sistemas de inyección tienen una lógica de funcionamiento muy similar, porque la electrónica es prácticamente la misma, ya que sólo cambia el soft de control del motor.

Este sensor es electrónico y por lo tanto, muy complicado para verificarlo mediante mediciones, para lo cual deberíamos tener una bomba de vacío como la que se muestra en clase práctica, y como su problema suele ser la suciedad que trae el aire de admisión, con limpiarlo es suficiente. Dicha limpieza y mediciones se detalla en las clases de taller.

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