En la instalación de un vehículo moderno, sea un auto, un camión, un colectivo, el Multiplexado cumple una función de ahorro en el cableado y además, de control electrónico del mismo. Normalmente, para que exista Multiplexado, también conocido como “Red Can”, o “CANbus”, o “Red LAN”, es necesario que existan módulos electrónicos que estarán enlazados entre sí por la red de multiplexado.
Debido a la gran cantidad de circuitos que posee un vehñiculo de hoy, se hace necesario concentrar los datos y administrarlos mediante un sistema digital, es decir, como si enlazáramos en red las terminales de las cajas de una oficina, de una empresa, todas comunicadas a un servidor que está en permanente contacto con todas y con cada una de ellas.
El Multiplexado, entonces, ahorra muchos metros de conductores y gestiona el flujo de datos de una unidad a la otra, por lo que en los vehículos modernos ha pasado a ser una necesidad ineludible.
En el caso de Peugeot, existe una “caja inteligente” que posee un microprocesador que realiza esta función principal, y que es llamada BSI (central inteligente), obteniendo sus siglas de Boîte de Servitude Intelligente (caja de servicio inteligente) que sería la unidad central del sistema de multiplexado.
Esta BSI se encarga de administrar los datos de distintas centrales, entre ellas la alarma, el control del estéreo, el cierre y la apertura de las puertas, la iluminación interior,la llave codificada, las balizas, el cierre del baúl, los airbags, tablero, computadora de inyección, conexión para scanner, pantalla multifunción, aire acondicionado, el impiaparabrisas y otros circuitos que analizamos en el curso de Electrónica del Automóvil con mayor detalle y sobre los que hay videos explicativos sobre cada uno de ellos.
Habría que advertir, también, que los circuitos de Citroën también disponen de esta BSI dado que son idénticos a los de Peugeot, porque actualmente son armados por la misma fábrica.
Este sistema de multiplexado se comunica por un par de cables trenzados, a los que se les llama “Bus de datos” y transmite informaciones desde cada módulo a los demás de manera de disponer cada uno de ellos del mismo dato sin necesidad de disponer de un sensor cada uno con sus correspondientes ramales de cables.
Es decir, por ejemplo, un solo sensor suministra un dato que es compartido aún por la Central de Inyección del auto y todas las demás centrales a las que pueda serles útil. En este caso, dado que se trata de una red elemental (en los camiones pueden existir varios sistemas paralelos de CANbus), se la denomina VAN, o sea, Vehicle Area Network.
Este sistema de moderna aplicación en la electricidad de los vehículos, no sólo disminuye la cantidad de cables y conexiones, sino que los vuelve más confiables, y además permite agregar otros componentes electrónicos al circuito, con relativa facilidad. La caja BSI la encontraremos disimulada debajo del tablero, junto con la fusiblera, lugar elegido para que sea protegido contra impactos, polvillo y posible caída de agua.
Todos los datos que circulan por los cables de la BSI están codificados en binario, es decir, son órdenes digitales de señales cuya amplitud de voltaje máximo es de 5V y su contenido trata de pulsos con valores de 0 y 1. Esto se describe con mayor detalle en los Módulos del Curso de Electrónica de Automóvil.
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