Electrónica del Automóvil 

¿A QUÉ SE LE LLAMAN “SHUNTS” EN LA INSTALACIÓN DE UN AUTO?

Publicado por: Emilio Gallardo, Director. 1.115 comentarios , ,

Todos conocemos la Fusiblera de un auto, o al menos, la que está al acceso del conductor. Otras fusibleras, de mayor capacidad de Amperes, pueden estar situadas en el habitáculo del motor, o a veces, en la parte baja del tablero.

En algunos modelos de autos aparecerán como parte de la fusiblera y al lado de los fusibles convencionales, unos “fusibles” que no son fusibles y que son llamados por la automotriz como SHUNTS. Estos elementos están constituídos por una base rodeada por alambre resistivo, que lleva la apariencia de un resistor de alambre y muchas veces es confundido con un fusible.

El fusible común es un elemento que se coloca en serie con la corriente (es decir que la corriente debe pasar por él para llegar al resto del circuito) a fines de que si se produjera un cortocircuito, en lugar de quemarse la instalación debido al sobreconsumo, “salte” el fusible, o sea, se funda para evitar males mayores en la instalación.

En el caso del SHUNT, si bien éste también está colocado en la fusiblera y parecería que está destinado a fundirse en caso de cortocircuito, no lo hace sino que en caso de sobrecorriente, opone un cierto valor de resistencia de manera de limitar la corriente, protegiendo así al cableado del circuito pero impidiendo que funcione. De ese modo mantiene alimentado al circuito pero con corriente inferior a la que conduciría estando en cortocircuito.

Dado que hay una gran cantidad de consumidores y accesorios, no es posible colocar un fusible para cada uno de ellos, por lo que muchas veces un sólo fusible de mayor valor alimenta a varios consumos. El shunt colabora a eliminar el riesgo, pero sin que salte el fusible mayor dejando sin alimentación a los demás circuitos, que podrían ser importantes en el funcionamiento del vehículo.

El conductor podrá darse cuenta de que hay un problema eléctrico porque algunos de sus accesorios no funcionarán y deberá llevar el auto al electricista para que lo repare, quien se encontrará entonces con el dilema del shunt, y muy posiblemente sin saber a qué atenerse.

En este caso, debe buscar a qué elementos alimenta este shunt (fácilmente lo sabrá porque éstos no funcionan) y localizar en ellos la falla (normalmente una pérdida a masa) hasta que la corriente tome su valor normal y los elementos alimentados recobren su funcionamiento normal, dejando en su lugar al shunt para que siga protegiendo al circuito, en lugar de sustituirlo por un fusible común.

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